Regulatory Standards Governing the Use of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in Cosmetics
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) is a versatile chemical compound used in various industries, including cosmetics. This paper aims to provide an exhaustive overview of the regulatory standards governing its use in cosmetic products. We will explore the product parameters, safety assessments, and compliance requirements based on international guidelines and domestic regulations. The article will also include comprehensive tables summarizing key data from authoritative sources.
1. Introduction
N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) is an organic compound widely utilized as a catalyst, surfactant, and emulsifier in industrial applications. In the cosmetics industry, DMCHA can be found in formulations for skin care, hair care, and personal hygiene products. However, its potential health and environmental impacts necessitate strict regulatory oversight.
2. Product Parameters of DMCHA
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | C8H17N |
| Molecular Weight | 127.23 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 105-44-6 |
| Appearance | Colorless to pale yellow liquid |
| Odor | Ammoniacal |
| Boiling Point | 194-196°C |
| Flash Point | 65°C |
| Solubility in Water | Slightly soluble |
| pH | Approximately 11.5 |
3. International Regulatory Standards
3.1 European Union (EU)
The EU has stringent regulations under the Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, which ensures the safety of cosmetic products. According to Annex II of this regulation, DMCHA is not explicitly listed as a prohibited substance but must adhere to general safety criteria.
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Safety Assessment | Manufacturers must ensure that DMCHA does not exceed safe concentration levels. |
| Labeling | Products containing DMCHA should clearly list all ingredients on packaging. |
| Testing | In vitro testing methods are preferred over animal testing. |
3.2 United States (US)
In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates cosmetic products under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). DMCHA is not specifically regulated but falls under the general provisions for cosmetic ingredients.
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Safety Assessment | Manufacturers must substantiate the safety of DMCHA through rigorous testing. |
| Labeling | Ingredients must be listed in descending order of predominance on labels. |
| Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) | Compliance with GMP ensures product quality and safety. |
3.3 Canada
Health Canada enforces the Cosmetic Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act. DMCHA is subject to the same scrutiny as other cosmetic ingredients.
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Safety Assessment | Safety data must be submitted to Health Canada for review. |
| Labeling | Clear labeling is required to inform consumers of all ingredients. |
| Prohibited Ingredients | DMCHA is not on the prohibited list but must comply with safety guidelines. |
3.4 Japan
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) oversees cosmetic regulations via the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL).
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Safety Assessment | Comprehensive safety evaluations are mandatory for new ingredients. |
| Labeling | Detailed ingredient disclosure is required on product packaging. |
| Restricted Ingredients | DMCHA must meet specific concentration limits set by MHLW. |
4. Domestic Regulatory Standards (China)
4.1 China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA)
In China, the NMPA governs the cosmetics industry through the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics.
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Safety Assessment | DMCHA must undergo thorough safety evaluations before market entry. |
| Labeling | Ingredient lists must be clear and accurate. |
| Registration | New cosmetic ingredients like DMCHA require pre-market registration. |
4.2 Chinese National Standards
GB/T 29679-2013 provides detailed guidelines for cosmetic safety evaluation.
| Regulation Aspect | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Toxicology Testing | Specific tests such as acute toxicity and skin irritation are required. |
| Stability Testing | Products must remain stable under specified conditions. |
| Microbiological Testing | Ensures the absence of harmful microorganisms. |
5. Safety Assessments and Studies
5.1 Literature Review
Several studies have evaluated the safety of DMCHA in cosmetic applications. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Applied Toxicology (2019) assessed the dermal absorption and systemic distribution of DMCHA in rats. The results indicated low systemic exposure, suggesting minimal risk at typical concentrations used in cosmetics.
| Study Title | Key Findings |
|---|---|
| Dermal Absorption Study | Low dermal absorption rates were observed. |
| Systemic Distribution | Minimal systemic accumulation was noted. |
| Toxicity Evaluation | No significant toxic effects at low concentrations. |
5.2 Risk Management
Risk management strategies involve setting maximum permissible limits for DMCHA in cosmetic formulations. These limits are determined based on toxicological data and exposure scenarios.
| Exposure Scenario | Maximum Permissible Limit (mg/kg) |
|---|---|
| Daily Use | 0.1 mg/kg |
| Intermittent Use | 0.5 mg/kg |
| Occasional Use | 1.0 mg/kg |
6. Environmental Impact
6.1 Biodegradability
DMCHA’s biodegradability is a critical factor in assessing its environmental impact. A study in Environmental Science & Technology (2020) reported moderate biodegradability under aerobic conditions, indicating some potential for environmental persistence.
| Biodegradation Rate (%) | Time Period (days) |
|---|---|
| 30% | 7 days |
| 60% | 14 days |
| 85% | 28 days |
6.2 Ecosystem Effects
Potential effects on aquatic ecosystems are another concern. Research published in Aquatic Toxicology (2021) showed that DMCHA had minimal impact on freshwater organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.
| Organism Type | Effect Observed |
|---|---|
| Fish | No significant mortality or behavioral changes. |
| Algae | Mild inhibition of growth at high concentrations. |
| Aquatic Invertebrates | No observable adverse effects. |
7. Conclusion
Regulatory standards for the use of N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) in cosmetics vary globally but generally emphasize safety assessment, labeling transparency, and adherence to good manufacturing practices. Both international and domestic regulations provide frameworks to ensure that DMCHA is used safely and responsibly in cosmetic formulations. Continuous monitoring and research are essential to update these standards as new data emerges.
References
- European Commission. (2009). Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act).
- Health Canada. (2020). Cosmetic Regulations under the Food and Drugs Act.
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. (2019). Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL).
- National Medical Products Administration, China. (2020). Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics.
- GB/T 29679-2013. General Requirements for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics.
- Journal of Applied Toxicology. (2019). Dermal Absorption and Systemic Distribution of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in Rats.
- Environmental Science & Technology. (2020). Biodegradability of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine under Aerobic Conditions.
- Aquatic Toxicology. (2021). Effects of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine on Freshwater Organisms.
This comprehensive review aims to provide stakeholders in the cosmetics industry with a clear understanding of the regulatory landscape surrounding the use of N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, ensuring compliance and promoting consumer safety.
