Introduction Epoxy systems are widely used in various industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, adhesion, and chemical resistance. However, these materials often face challenges related to thermal stability and chemical resistance, especially under extreme conditions. Incorporating 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) into high-performance epoxy systems can significantly enhance their performance. DBU is a strong organic base with...